Now, about what you are looking at:
Planets with White names you know nothing about. If they are Bright yellow, you have recent data on it, if it is dark yellow, you only have some data about it.

Planets with Green circles around them are yours, Red are other peoples planets. If the planet has a blue ring with the green, it was recently colonized and has a Log about it. But, if there are lots of rings over planets, you most likely have resource rings turned on.

Depending on options, ship can appear as crosses or as icons, same with pods.